Polyurethane foam

ABSTRACT

A method of making a polyurethane foam from a mixture of isocyanate modified polyol and foam-forming ingredients, wherein the isocyanate modified polyol is made by reacting at least one polyol with at least one multifunctional isocyanate, wherein the isocyanate modified polyol is a non-foamed polyol polymer having available OH groups, wherein the foam forming ingredients comprise at least a multifunctional isocyanate and a foaming agent, preferably water, and characterised in that (i) the at least one polyol from which the isocyanate modified polyol is made comprises at least one lipid-based polyol which has undergone reaction with the isocyanate in the presence of a PU gelation catalyst, and/or (ii) the isocyanate modified polyol is mixed with a lipid-based polyol prior to, or at the same time as, foaming.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from, and is a continuation of, U.S.application Ser. No. 12/716,684, filed on Mar. 3, 2010 and now U.S. Pat.No. ______. The Ser. No. 12/716,684 application is fully incorporated byreference herein.

This application also claims the benefit of, and incorporates byreference, British Application Nos. 0903717.7, filed Mar. 4, 2009;0905948.6 filed Apr. 6, 2009; 0909563.9 filed Jun. 3, 2009; 0910063.7filed Jun. 11, 2009; 0912558.4 filed Jul. 20, 2009; and 0917550.6 filedOct. 7, 2009.

BACKGROUND AND FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to polyurethane (PU) foam made from lipid-basedpolyols, and in particular to flexible PU foam although rigid,semi-flexible/semi-rigid and microcellular foams are also envisaged.

Methods for the manufacture of polyurethane foams (eg flexible PU foams)are known in the art and are covered, for example, on pages 170-235 ofthe Plastics Manual, Volume 7, Polyurethanes, Becker/Braun, 2nd edition,published by Carl Hanser Verlag.

Conventionally, PU foam (eg flexible, semi flexible and rigid PU foams)may be made by reacting a polyol with a multifunctional isocyanate sothat NCO and OH groups form urethane linkages by an addition reaction,and the polyurethane is normally foamed with carbon dioxide produced insitu by reaction of isocyanate with water, although other volatile nonreactive solvents and gases e.g acetone, pentane and injected carbondioxide and mechanical frothing may be used to form the cell spaceswithin the foam.

This conventional process may be carried out as a so-called ‘one-shot’process whereby the polyol, isocyanate and water and/or solvent aremixed together with catalysts and other additives so that thepolyurethane is formed and foamed in the same step. The process may becarried out under conditions of increased or reduced atmosphere pressureso as to effect the density and other characteristics of the finalproduct.

It is however also known to use a two step process whereby in a firststep polyol is reacted with isocyanate to give a so-called Isocyanatemodified polyol’ and this is foamed, by reaction of isocyanate andwater, with or without inert solvent and or gases, to produce carbondioxide, in a second step.

It is desirable to make Urethane foams (microcellular, rigid, semiflexible/semi rigid and flexible) from lipid-based polyols such asnatural oil based polyols (NOPs). At the moment, at the date of thisapplication, there are limits to the maximum level of incorporation ofNOPs into urethane formulations, for example in one of the biggestpotential uses for NOPs, in the so called conventional flexibleslabstock foam market, a maximum of only approximately 22 percent (php)of the crude oil based polyol can be replaced by an NOP. Higherincorporation level than this may be theoretically possible but even by30 php in conventional flexible foams, the materials do not have goodenough physical properties (such as good compression set, low foamsettle after full rise, good foam processing and processing safety, goodfoam stability, good hand touch including resilience and ball rebound,good SAG (support factor), good flammability, low hysteresis loss andgood foam hardness) to be useable by most customers. In HR (HighResilient) foam formulations the tolerated limit of inclusion of NOPscan be as low as 5 php but is typically about 10 php. Above the levelsdiscussed generally here, unacceptable faults, for example, internalfaults or “splits”, also pockets of collapsed foam may appear in thematerial and this can be a visual sign that instability may be about tooccur leading to the material being a loss or fit only for scrap. Thelimited inclusion of NOPs is seen for instance in examples in Renosol WO2009/026424.

The incorporation of these NOP materials into Urethane formulations iscomplex for two major reasons. The first is that NOPs, by their verystructures, are hydrophobic as the chains do not contain oxygen linkages(ether or ester) compared to standard petroleum based Urethane rawmaterials. As such they do not readily mix and therefore do not readilyreact with other components also present in the formulation, which havebeen developed prior to the introduction of NOPs.

The second problem is that in NOPs the OH groups are generated byutilization of double bonds, transesterification with multifunctionalalcohols or radical cleavage/oxidation. All of these tend to givesterically hindered hydroxyl groups, distributed at specific pointsalong the carbon chain of the natural oil, as opposed to being placed atthe end of the chain which is the case for standard petrochemical (crudeoil) derived polyols. The NOP's hydroxyl groups are naturally thereforeof lower reactivity than conventional (or alkyleneoxy) based polyols.

The smell of foams containing natural oil-based polyols can also be aproblem, since an odour of “French Fries” or “Freedom Fries” (hotcooking oil) has been noted. This odour is thought to be the result ofthe presence of such materials as, but not restricted to, hexanal,nonanal, decanal and other aldehydes, and/or ketones and carboxylicacids and other derivatives, in or originating from the original naturaloil-based polyol production process, and would preferably be avoided,minimised or removed. The odour effect of these and other odourmaterials is lessened or eliminated during the stage at which thenatural oil-based polyol is transformed into the isocyanate modifiedpolyol in a “pre treatment” according to the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a method of making a polyurethane (PU) foam, preferably aflexible PU foam, from a mixture of isocyanate modified polyol (egprepolymer) and foam-forming ingredients, wherein the isocyanatemodified polyol is made by reacting at least one polyol with at leastone multifunctional isocyanate, wherein the isocyanate modified polyolis a non-foamed polyol polymer having available OH groups, wherein thefoam-forming ingredients comprise at least a multifunctional isocyanateand a foaming agent, preferably water, and characterised in that (i) theat least one polyol from which the isocyanate modified polyol is madecomprises at least one lipid-based polyol which has undergone reactionwith the isocyanate in the presence of a PU gelation catalyst, and/or(ii) the isocyanate modified polyol is mixed with a lipid-based polyolprior to, or at the same time as, foaming.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a foamproduct formed by the above-described method is provided.

In a yet further embodiment, there is provided a storage stableisocyanate modified polyol (eg a prepolymer) for use in the manufactureof (preferably flexible) polyurethane foam made by reacting at least onepolyol with at least one multifunctional isocyanate, wherein theproportion of the isocyanate is in the range 0.01% (preferably 0.05%,most preferably 0.1%) to 70%, preferably 60%, preferably 50%, preferably33%, most preferably 30% by weight of the theoretical amount of theisocyanate required to react with all available hydroxyl groups of thepolyol, wherein the isocyanate modified polyol has hydroxyl groupsavailable for reaction with further isocyanate, and wherein the at leastone polyol from which the isocyanate modified polyol is made comprises alipid-based polyol which has undergone reaction with an isocyanatepreferably in the presence of a PU gelation catalyst.

There is also provided a method of making a polymer modified polyol, foruse in making a PU foam, wherein this method requires a carrier polyol,and wherein this carrier polyol is a isocyanate modified polyol (eg aprepolymer) made by reacting at least one polyol with at least onemultifunctional isocyanate, wherein the isocyanate modified polyol is anon-foamed polyol isocyanate modified polyol having available OH groups,wherein the foam-forming ingredients comprise at least a multifunctionalisocyanate and water, and characterised in that (i) the at least onepolyol from which the isocyanate modified polyol is made comprises alipid-based polyol which has undergone reaction with the isocyanate inthe presence of a PU gelation catalyst, and/or (ii) the isocyanatemodified polyol is mixed with a lipid-based polyol prior to, or at thesame time as, foaming.

As used herein, PU gelation catalyst means a substance useful incatalysing the addition reaction which occurs between hydroxyl andisocyanate groups in the formation of urethane linkages in theproduction of PU, particularly PU foam, especially flexible PU foam.Such catalysts are well known in the art and many such catalysts arewidely available for use in the production of PU. Suitable catalysts maybe metal salts, organo-metallic substances, or even organic compounds,as discussed further herein.

It is proposed that the invention makes the reaction characteristics anddynamics of NOPs (and other lipid-based polyols) more similar to thecharacteristics of the petrochemical derived polyol present in the foamreaction mixture. The characteristic hydrophobic nature of all NOPs islessened and the NOP's reactivity is made more similar to that of thepetrochemical polyol present. The result, we believe, is that the NOPand standard polyol are therefore distributed more evenly throughout themacro polymer chain formed by the final, material forming, urethanereaction, instead of the NOP reacting relatively late, due to sterichindrance and hydrophobic nature, compared to the standard polyol thusavoiding adverse plasticising effects, stability effects and physicalproperty effects, especially those effecting the material's hardnesstensile tear elongation and compression set characteristics. The adversephysical property effects, we propose, happen when the macro polymerbuilt up mainly by relatively early reaction of the petroleum basedpolyol is then mainly coated on its outer surface by the macro polymerstrands formed by the polyurethane reaction with the NOP because of thedelay by the NOP reacting late, into the macro polymer chain. This isthought to be especially effect NOPs which have relatively low hydroxylfunctionality, for example, the Mesocarp sourced Palm oil based polyolwhich is part of this invention has a declared functionality of 1.5which is very different from the functionality of 3 which for example iscommon for most crude oil based polyols with which the NOP may be mixedin the course of making a conventional slabstock foam.

One possible explanation for the mechanism of the present invention isthat the pre-reaction of the NOP (or other lipid-based polyol) withisocyanates actually increases the reactivity of the product by couplingpolymer molecules and creating species that have OH groups more readilyavailable for reaction. Adding PU gelation catalysts (preferably metalacid salts, or organometallic catalysts) will specifically drive thereaction towards making the more sterically hindered groups particularlyof the lower molecular weight oligomers present, react preferentially.This would further increase the average, overall reactivity of thematerial. People skilled in the art would have previously been dissuadedfrom taking this step in the past as this would in theory furtherreduced detrimentally, the reactivity (hence processability andresulting physical properties) of the material. The use of ricinolatesalts, in particular, can also create special complexes that can traplower molecular weight compounds or react with them. Suitable catalystsinclude metal salts (eg calcium or sodium salts) of an organic acidhaving no metal-carbon bonds, such as catalysts of the formulaM(O.CO.R.CH₃)₂ wherein M is a metal (preferably tin or zinc) and R is acarbon chain, such as a monohydroxy fatty acid, eg ricinoleate.Preferably catalysts having a long carbon chain are used, for example atleast 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 6-20 carbon atoms. Most preferablyat least 12 carbon atoms are present in the chain, eg 12-20 carbonatoms. Alternative suitable catalysts include stannous dilaurate,stannous dipalmitate, stannous distearate, stannous dioleate, zincdineodecanoate, and bismuth trineodecanoate. The amount of catalyst ispreferably at least 0.001 mMoles/100 g polyol, preferably 0.001-0.1mMoles/100 g polyol, although higher levels may also be used, asdiscussed in more detail hereinafter.

NOPs typically contain a large, wide, distribution of differentmolecular weight Oligomers which react at different rates as the mainpolyurethane polymerisation reaction proceeds. The molecular weight bellcurve distribution for NOPs is therefore far flatter and lower thanwould be tolerated normally in a polyol component, compared to thetight, high bell curve that a petroleum based polyol, which has beenperfected and engineered over the years, possesses. (See PolyurethaneHandbook Oertel, published by Hanser 1994, 2nd Edition Page 57 andreferences cited 29 & 30.) WO 2006/116456 Abraham et al, explains thatlow level inclusion of NOP may be successful if 35% of oligomers aretetramers or higher, 5 to 10% are trimers and dimers are limited to 8 to12%. This though still leads to different NOP oligomers with differentmolecular weights reacting at different stages and times of theproduction reaction. This will give difficult processing and a profusionof short chain polymers being produced which will give inferior physicalproperties in the finished coating, adhesive, or foam which propertiesare characteristic of formulations which contain even moderate levels ofNOP materials.

The invention, preferentially reacts the short chain triglycerides ofthe NOP, especially monomers and dimer oligomers into higher molecularweight polymers. These, the most undesirable oligomers will bepreferentially reacted because they are naturally more reactive to theisocyanate and so are most preferably “cleaned up”. Additional chainextension reactions will take place between other classes of oligomersleading to tri and tetra species etc also undergoing reactions witheither lower molecular weight oligomers or higher molecular weightspecies. The reaction will steepen and tighten the bell curvedistribution of the oligomer species in the NOP. This formation of macromolecules, therefore, prior to the manufacture step to produce the foamwill give higher hardness to the product, better processing and betterphysical properties compared to inclusion without “prereaction” or “pretreatment” of the NOP as described in the present invention.

If the whole of the polyol element (NOP and petrochemical derivedpolyol) is subject to the invention then the plasticising effect of theNOP during product production is further minimised, the miscibility ofthe NOP element, the size of the macromolecule and optimisation of thephysical properties of the material produced are further improved to themaximum extent. As a result, the lipid-based polyol content ofpolyurethane according to the present invention can be up to 100%(relative to total polyol content by weight) and may be at least 7% or16% by weight, and in particularly preferred ranges can be greater than20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 80% or 90% or more by weight, as discussedfurther hereinafter.

The foam can be a flexible foam, or alternatively a semi-flexible,semi-rigid, microcellular or rigid foam. The foams can be made with orwithout water. They can be mechanically frothed or not mechanicallyfrothed. Further the foams can use auxiliary non-reactive blowing agentsas are known in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

In the drawing FIG. 1 is a photograph showing separation which occursunder certain conditions on the right where almost complete separationof two polyols in a short time period occurs, and on the left where anidentical mixture which has been agitated and reacted as described inthe invention is shown.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In a preferred embodiment, the isocyanate modified polyol is made byreacting at least one lipid-based polyol and at least one further polyolwith at least one multifunctional isocyanate. The further polyol(s) canbe any polyol described herein.

Preferably, the lipid-based polyol is a mono or higher functionalityunsaturated triglyceride of a fatty acid which has undergonehydroxylation, such as a natural oil based polyol. Alternatively,however, it can be an animal based oil/fat or a fish based oil. Mostpreferably the lipid-based polyol comprises a soybean based polyol, acastor oil based polyol, a palm based polyol, a rape seed based polyolor mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable polyols includeLupranol Balance 50 a castor oil based polyol sold by BASF AG with anatural oil content of approximately 31%; Soyol 2101 and Soyol D09004soybean oil based polyols made by United Soy Systems Company of Volga,S. Dak. USA. Enviropol 201 a polyol based on Rape Seed Oil from IFSChemical Group of Roydon, Kings Lynn, Norfolk, England; BiOH 5000 asoybean oil based polyol made by Cargill Inc of Minnesota, USA; andF6012 a mesocarp palm oil based polyol made by PolyGreen Chemicals(Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Lipid-based polyols can comprise up to 100% of the total polyol presentin the overall composition, but preferably the amount of lipid-basedpolyol is substantially different from 50% by weight of the total polyolpresent in the overall composition, eg less than 45% or more than 55%,preferably less than 40% or more than 60%, most preferably less than 30%or more than 70% or more than 80% or more than 90%.

Foams made according to the present invention show very good physicalproperties and compression sets, in particular where the foams alsocontain non reactive flame retardants or other emulating agents known inthe art such as Mesamoll or Mersolat H-40 both from Bayer Ag of Germany.

In detail, foams made according to the invention can be processed,without showing instability, internal splits or even collapse, withhigher proportions of natural oil-based or other lipid-based polyolsthan would be the case without using techniques in this invention.Because of this, an increase in compatibility between these naturaloil-based/lipid-based polyols and petrochemical (crude oil) basedpolyols which come from totally different raw material routes isobtained. Because the compatibility of the system is enhanced, thedegradation of the mechanical properties of the resultant foam, forexample, but not limited to, hardness, tensile tear and elongation atbreak, flammability and compression sets normally seen when naturaloil-based/lipid-based polyols are included in foam formulations, islessened or eliminated.

Prior art problems of compatibility between the naturaloil-based/lipid-based polyols and petrochemical polyols in the foamformulation were known to result in internal faults, ranging from foamshrinkage to internal splits to foam collapse which would make it thefoam or urethane material unsaleable, and could also cause scorch andcause autoignition of the foam after production if the instability ofthe foam was severe. Increasing the compatibility of natural oil-basedpolyols means that greater percentages of natural oil-based polyols maybe incorporated into production of HR foams which have previously had alow tolerance of natural oils and natural oil based products. Theirprior art incorporation at even low levels (between say 5 to 10 php byweight) typically caused foam instability and collapse in HR technology.HR foams are inherently less stable than conventional foams and it isfor this reason that they can tolerate lower levels of NOP addition thanso called conventional foam types.

Lipid-based polyols useful in the polyurethane foams of the presentinvention can be prepared by ring-opening an epoxidized natural oil. Inmany embodiments, the ring-opening is conducted using a reaction mixturecomprising: (1) an epoxidized natural oil, (2) a ring-opening acidcatalyst, and (3) a ring-opener. Also useful in making the polyurethanefoams of the invention are the modified vegetable oil-based polyolsreported in WO 2006/012344A1 (Petrovic et al.) and in WO 2006/116456 A1(Abraham et al). A wide range of different lipid-based polyols can beformed with different hydroxyl numbers reactivity and functionalitycharacteristics, by varying the reaction conditions of the manufacturingprocess or changing the technology route used. Lipid-based polyols withdifferent characteristics are required by the different Urethaneenvironments in which the polyols are is utilised. For example, andwithout restriction, a lipid-based polyol of relatively highfunctionality of about 4 but better still, 5 or 6 and with an hydroxylnumber of 200 mg KOH/gramme to 250 or even 500 may be suitable for rigidfoams or semi rigid foams whereas an hydroxyl number near to 56 and afunctionality around 1.5 to 2 but better still in the range 2.0 to 2.5and 2.5 to 3.5 or more or 3.5 to 7 or more, may be more appropriate toproduce a flexible or semi flexible foam. See Low Cost Polyols fromNatural Oils by B G Colvin of Envirofoam Chemicals Limited, part of theIFS Chemical Group, Roydon, Kings Lynn, England, and presented to UtechAsia 1995 as a Paper, see pages 1 to 9.

Examples of natural oils include plant-based oils (e.g., vegetable oils)although animal fats (such as lard and tallow) and fish oils can also beused. Examples of plant-based oils include soybean oil, safflower oil,linseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, canola oil, sesame oil,cottonseed oil, palm-based oils, rapeseed oil, tung oil, peanut oil, sawgrass and combinations thereof. The plant-based oils may be natural orgenetically modified vegetable oils, for example, high oleic saffloweroil, high oleic soybean oil, high oleic peanut oil, high oleic sunfloweroil, and high erucic rapeseed oil (crambe oil).

Useful natural oils comprise triglycerides of fatty acids. The fattyacids may be saturated or unsaturated and may contain chain lengthsranging from about C 12 to about C24. Unsaturated fatty acids includemonounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Common saturated fattyacids include lauric acid (dodecanoic acid), myristic acid(tetradecanoic acid), palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), steric acid(octadecanoic acid), arachidic acid (eicosanoic acid), and lignocericacid (tetracosanoic acid). Common monounsaturated fatty acids includepalmitoleic (a C16 unsaturated acid) and oleic (a Cl8 unsaturated acid).Common polyunsaturated fatty acids include linoleic acid (a Cl8di-unsaturated acid), linolenic acid (a Cl8 tri-unsaturated acid), andarachidonic acid (a C20 tetra-unsaturated acid). The triglyceride oilsare made up of esters of fatty acids in random placement onto the threesites of the trifunctional glycerine molecule. Different vegetable oilswill have different ratios of these fatty acids. The ratio of fatty acidfor a given vegetable oil will also vary depending upon such factors,for example, as where the crop is grown, maturity of the crop, weatherduring the growing season, etc. Because of this it is difficult toprovide a specific or unique composition for any given vegetable oil;composition is typically reported as a statistical average. For example,soybean oil contains a mixture of stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleicacid, and linolenic acid in the ratio of about 15:24:50:11. Thistranslates into an average molecular weight of about 800-860 grams/mole,an average number of double bonds of about 4.4 to about 4.7 pertriglyceride, and an iodine value of about 120 to about 140.

By way of example the natural oil used to make the lipid-based polyolcan be a palm-based oil. As used herein “palm-based oil” refers to anoil or oil fraction obtained from the mesocarp and/or kernel of thefruit of the oil palm tree. Palm-based oils include palm oil, palmolein, palm stearin, palm kernel oil, palm kernel olein, palm kernelstearin, and mixtures thereof. Palm-based oils may be crude, refined,degummed, bleached, deodorized, fractionated, or crystallized. In manyembodiments, the palm-based oils are refined, bleached, and deodorized(i.e., an “RBD” oil).

Isocyanate modified polyols according to the invention may be storagestable materials made by reaction of the isocyanate and the polyolwholly or substantially in the absence of water. The isocyanate modifiedpolyol is pre-prepared and foamed, by exposure to the reaction ofisocyanate and a foaming agent which is preferably water producingcarbon dioxide, in a subsequent stage and this stage may be performedshortly after production of the isocyanate modified polyol in the sameor different apparatus, or in the case of storage stable isocyanatemodified polyol which is made or supplied wholly separately, on asubsequent occasion using different apparatus as required.

As used herein the term isocyanate modified polyol coversurethane-modified polyol (or prepolymer), i.e. polymeric materialproduced by reaction of polyol with isocyanate having urethane linkagesfor use in the production of end-product polyurethane material. Also asused herein the reference to non-foamed isocyanate modified polyol meansisocyanate modified polyol produced substantially without any foaming.In practice, foaming may occur to a trivial or insignificant extent dueto unavoidable presence of traces of water, e.g. contained in the rawmaterial polyol, which may react with the isocyanate. However, it ispreferred that no water is purposefully or intentionally added in theproduction of the isocyanate modified polyol and reaction conditions andingredients are selected to inhibit or minimise carbon dioxideproduction by isocyanate/water reaction, especially if the material isto be used to make microcellular foams.

It is also to be understood that the process of the invention mayinvolve use of a single isocyanate modified polyol i.e. polymericmaterial obtained by reacting a single polyol with a singlemultifunctional isocyanate, or it may involve use of multiple isocyanatemodified polyols made by reacting any number of polyols with any numberof multifunctional isocyanates to give one or more complex multipledifferent isocyanate modified polyols and optionally one or moredifferent polymers.

For example, a natural oil based polyol can be used to make a singleisocyanate modified polyol for use in the inventive method.Alternatively, a natural oil based polyol and a further polyol can beused to form either multiple isocyanate modified polyols and optionallyone or more copolymers. Mixtures of different natural oil based polyolsmay also be used and different metal catalysts combinations may also beused. The selection of different catalysts and at different use levelscan be used to vary the properties of the isocyanate modified polyolobtained.

The isocyanate modified polyol may be formed by mixing a lipid-basedpolyol, or a mixture of one or more lipid-based polyols and/or one ormore further polyols, with the isocyanate, or a mixture of isocyanates,and possibly in the presence of one or more other ingredients such as acatalyst(s) This mixing may be done in a batch process e.g. withstirring, or as a continuous process by feed through a mixing head orthe like. Mixing may occur at ambient temperature and may be maintainedfor any suitable period of time e.g. 24 hours, although othertemperatures and much shorter time periods of a few minutes or secondsor an hour may be used depending on the nature of the reactants and anyother ingredients including the type and level of catalyst used.

The further polyol can be any kind of polyol. For example it can be apetrochemical, or crude oil, based polyol and these may be of anysuitable kind or a lipid based polyol such as an NOP. Typicallypolyether and polyester polyols are used in the production of PU foamand in accordance with the present invention it is preferred that thefurther polyol comprises or is wholly or at least predominantly apolyether polyol. Where a polyether polyol is used this is may be anytype of material which can be selected to give a satisfactory productand good processing characteristics so it may be wholly or predominantlypropylene oxide (PO) derived, although ethylene oxide (EO) may also beused additionally to PO to give the polyol an end cap of ethylene oxide,or, a mix of ethylene or a mix of ethylene and propylene oxide (a socalled hetero polyol) can be added to the architecture of the polyol toeffect its reactivity and properties of the urethane material beingproduced. Block and random sequences of different alkylene oxides arealso known to be polymerised onto the side of the polymer chains ofnatural oil based polyols. However it is also possible to use mixturesof polyether and polyester polyol. Suitable polyols may have an OHfunctionality of 2 to 6, particularly 2 to 4 and may have a molecularweight (MW) in the range say 400-10,000. Triols are particularlypreferred although lower or higher functionality polyols may be useddependant on the desired properties of the end product for example rigidfoams which normally require polyols with relatively low molecularweights but much higher functionalities.

Certain further polyols containing inbuilt catalysis may also be used;see Waddington and al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,762,274/Dow Chemical Company forexample.

Examples of the polyether polyols that can be used according to theinvention are described, for example, on pages 44-54 and 75-78 of thePlastics Manual, Volume 7, Polyurethanes, Becker/Braun, 2nd edition,published by Carl Hanser Verlag and will include polyols which containpolymer dispersions (as are well known in the art), i.e. so calledpolymer polyols or polymer modified polyols (as described in thePolyurethane Handbook—Oertel, Second Edition, February 1993, Publishedby Hanser/Gardner Publications Inc, pages 23, 56, 85, 198, 219 and 221).

It should of course be noted that polymer polyols as described above arederived from crude oil via a petrochemical process, and are not based onnatural oils. It will now be possible, through this invention, to makepolymer polyols containing natural oil-based polyols by making thepolymer dispersions in isocyanate modified polyols, acting as thecarrier polyol, and made via this novel technique.

A preferred further crude oil based polyol is a triol which is apropylene oxide adduct of glycerine and has a molecular weight of theorder of 3,000. Commercial examples are Voranol® 3008 (Dow ChemicalCompany), or DESMOPHEN® 20WB56 (Bayer), and Lupranol 4070 from BASF AG.Other polyols which contain amounts of ethylene oxide may also be usedfor example the hetero polyol Pluracol 1388 from BASF Corporation, USAwhich has a molecular weight of approximately 3000 and an hydroxylnumber of 56. This polyol has now been manufactured using Double MetalCatalysis and is available under the trade name of Pluracol 4156 fromBASF Corporation, USA Their use is interchangeable in the invention.

Polymer polyols (also known as polymer modified polyols) aremanufactured by forming a solid or out of phase liquid dispersiondispersion in a base, or “carrier polyol”, in a manner such that thereis substantially no chemical reaction between the base, carrier, polyoland the dispersed liquid polymer or solid. The dispersed liquid or solidpolymer phase is normally formed within the carrier polyol and notmerely dispersed physically into the carrier polyol. Relatively highmolecular weight polyether polyol triols with molecular weights ofbetween 4000 to 7000 with large end caps of 14 to 30% or more ofethylene oxide may be used with one or more natural oil-based polyols,according to the invention, as the diluent or carrier polyol, to makepolymer modified polyols, described in the invention. Another aspect ofthe technology therefore is to form a polymer polyol material such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,209 by isocyanate modified naturaloil-based polyol or combinations of natural oil-based polyols andpetrochemical polyols, as described in the present invention, and usingthis isocyanate modified polyol as the carrier polyol for themanufacture of a polymer polyol. It may also be useful to make aisocyanate modified polyol using a polymer polyol such as described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,374,209 and a natural oil-based polyol or naturaloil-based polyol/petrochemical polyol mixture as the carrier polyolcomponent in U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,209 to produce a isocyanate modifiedpolyol for the present invention. This material may be useful in makingHR (High Resilience) and High Load Bearing foams. Carrier polyolsprepared in the above manner may be useful in the manufacture of PHDfrom Bayer AG, PIPA from Shell Chemicals and “Copolymer Polyols” fromBayer Materials Science AG which are typically made incorporatingpolyurea, adducted triethanolamine and, acrylonitile and or styrenespecies as are all known in the art.

The relative proportions of the polyol and isocyanate which react toform the isocyanate modified polyol, and the MW (molecular weight) ofthe polyol, may be selected as required. The proportion of theisocyanate may be 0.01-99% of that required theoretically for reactionwith all available OH groups, preferably 0.01 to 70% or 60% or 50%,preferably 0.01 to 33%, more preferably 0.01 to 30%, more preferably 0.1to 30%, more preferably 3% to 25% or 30%. Low functionality NOPs such aspalm oil are particularly suitable for high reaction percentages.Viscosity increases with proportion of isocyanate and the upper limitwill depend on handling requirements. The proportion of available OHgroups needing to be reacted according to the invention may depend onthe relative differences between the functionalities of the NOPs and thecrude oil based polyols present; with more OH groups needing to bereacted as the gap between the two functionalities widen. Palm oilpolyols, with functionalities around 1.5 may benefit from higherstoichiometric reaction with isocyanate compared to for example Soybased polyols with OH functionalities of between 2 and 3 being reactedwith isocyanate according the invention, in a mixture containing a crudeoil based polyol with a functionality of about 3.

In practice the hydroxyl number of the isocyanate modified polyol can bedetermined from the relationship

${{OH}\; \left( {{Isocyanate}\mspace{14mu} {modified}\mspace{14mu} {polyol}} \right)} = {{{OH}\mspace{11mu} ({Polyol})} - \frac{{php}\mspace{11mu} ({NCO}) \times 561}{{EW}\mspace{11mu} ({NCO})}}$

OH(Polyol) is the hydroxyl number of the diluent or co polyol in the NOPmixture may be typically 56.

php(NCO) is the proportion of NCO as parts by weight per hundred partsof polyol, and EW(NCO) is the equivalent weight of the isocyanate whichis 87 for TDI (i.e. molecular weight divided by theoreticalfunctionality).

The use of PU gelation catalysts enables the production of much lowerviscosity isocyanate modified polyols than would be the case if forexample heat and or pressure are used wholly or partly to drive the OHisocyanate reaction. One of the outcomes and aims of the inventiontherefore is to minimise the viscosity increase of the isocyanatemodified polyol component formed, and therefore minimise the viscosityof the foam forming formulation in general. This is because lowerviscosity polyol materials, under say 8,000 but better still under 3,000mPa·s, tend to have easier processing characteristics in continuous foamproduction, although higher viscosities of say up to 20,000 mPa·s may beused. All viscosity measurements (in mPa·s) are obtained using aBrookfield Viscometer. Unless otherwise stated viscosity is measured at25 degrees C.

The proportion of isocyanate used in the manufacture of the lipid-basedpolyol-containing isocyanate modified polyol, or the isocyanate modifiedpolyol used as a diluent prior to the foam manufacturing step, will havean effect on the physical properties of the foam or product, ultimatelyproduced, for example, the foam's hardness, density, mechanical physicalproperties and compression sets. Higher proportions of isocyanate in theisocyanate modified polyol will also give foam with for example higherhardness (load bearing properties). The type of isocyanate chosen willalso have an effect on the residual odour of the isocyanate modifiedpolyol and therefore on the odour of the foam thus produced. Level andtype of catalyst used will also effect the viscosity of the system andthe reactivity and the finished material's characteristics includingodour.

Isocyanates can be used to reduce the odour of a isocyanate modifiedpolyol and/or foam especially if made from natural oil-based polyols.Isocyanate modified polyols based on the relatively more reactive TDIgenerally show lower odour characteristics compared to MDI basedisocyanate modified polyols. Thus it is preferable to use TDI as themultifunctional isocyanate, particularly in order to reduce the odour ofisocyanate modified polyols and/or foams made with or without naturaloil-based polyols being present. Preferably TDI is used in amounts ofbetween 0.01% (or 0.1%) to 99%, preferably 10/20/30/33/40/50% to 99% ofthe stoichiometric amount required to react with all the hydroxyl groupsof the lipid-based polyol and or crude oil based polyol (NOP orotherwise) present, most preferably 1% to 99% or more than 0.1 php(parts per hundred parts of polyol, by weight). Preferably a catalyst isalso used as it is believed that the catalyst further enhances the odourreducing effects. Catalysts which are a metal salt of an organic acidhaving no metal-carbon bonds are preferred, such as a catalyst of theformula M(O.CO.R.CH₃)₂ wherein M is a metal (preferably tin or zinc) andR is a carbon chain such as ricinoleate.

Preferably catalysts having a long carbon chain are used, for example atleast 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 6-20 carbon atoms. Most preferablyat least 12 carbon atoms are present in the chain, eg 12-20 carbonatoms. Side groups such as hydroxyls, double bonds or carbonyls arepreferred to facilitate attachment of the odorous compounds, covalently,by complexation or by hydrogen bonding.

As an example, the catalyst can be a metal salt of a monohydroxy fattyacid, such as a metal ricinoleate salt. Preferred examples are tin andzinc diricinoleate, and also their Ca and Na salts. Alternative suitablecatalysts include stannous dilaurate, stannous dipalmitate, stannousdistearate, stannous dioleate, zinc dineodecanoate, and bismuthtrineodecanoate.

The above-mentioned catalysts are preferred for their odour reducingeffects. Whilst not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed thatthe catalyst may be part of a structure that complexes or embeds theodorous compounds.

The amount of catalyst is preferably at least 0.001 mMoles/100 g polyol,preferably 0.001-0.1 mMoles/100 g polyol, although lower and higherlevels may also be used as discussed below. Alternatively the amount ofcatalyst is at least 0.001 php, preferably 0.001-0.75 php by weight, inorder to achieve optimum odour reducing effects. It is to be noted thatthe catalyst used to achieve odour reduction can be the same as, ordifferent to any catalyst used in forming a isocyanate modified polyol.The level of the catalyst may also be the same or higher than thatneeded to make the isocyanate modified polyol even to the level requiredto make the eventual foam. If the same catalyst is used for odourformation and subsequent isocyanate modified polyol formation or forodour reduction, subsequent isocyanate modified polyol formation andsubsequent foam formation, then the catalyst level may be added at theodour reduction stage at the level required in the final foam formationreaction, in which case no further catalyst will need to be added duringthe isocyanate modified polyol formation and foam formation or finalproduction stage. Typical catalyst levels would therefore be 0.001 phpto 0.75 php but levels outside these areas may be useful provided thatthe processability of the foam or urethane material at the finalmanufacturing stage is satisfactory. Normally the amount of catalystadded for odour reduction only, would be the minimum to attain theeffect. By minimizing the catalyst level at this or any isocyanatemodified polyol reaction stage before the urethane product is finallymade gives maximum amount of formulating flexibility and freedom tosubsequent stages, thus enabling different catalysts be chosen and usedat various levels for example during the subsequent isocyanate modifiedpolyol formation and foaming or other production step. Excessive levelsof one catalyst at any one stage can for example affect theprocessability of the eventual foam, perhaps for example giving tooquick or too slow reactivity, or too many or too few open cells. Alsousing different catalysts during different stages, odour reduction orisocyanate modified polyol formation, may build up to give undesirablefoam reactivity profiles or foam properties, as mentioned here, or theremay be reactivities or physical interactions between catalysts whichwill also cause the above problems during the manufacture of the foam,coating or adhesive or the final physical properties of the foam orurethane material produced.

By way of clarification, a PU gelation catalyst or catalysts may beincluded to perform one or more of the following functions:deodourisation, catalysis of the isocyanate modified polyol reaction,catalysis of the foam-forming reaction (as discussed further below). Thesame or different PU gelation catalysts may be used for these functions.The amount of catalyst used for the deodourisation and/or for theisocyanate modified polyol reaction may be in total within the range0.0001 php to 1.0 php, (expressed as parts per hundred by weight of thepure catalyst component relative to the total polyol component)preferably 0.001 to 0.75 php by weight (expressed as parts per hundredby weight of the pure catalyst component relative to the total polyolcomponent), although amounts above and below these limits may also beuseful. Where used, the PU gelation catalyst for the foaming step may beadditional to, or included in the foregoing range.

If the only intention of making the lipid-based isocyanate modifiedpolyol is to reduce its odour then, very low amounts of a suitablyreactive isocyanate preferably in the presence of a catalyst, may beused for example between 0.01% (or 0.1%) and 1% of the stoichiometricrequirement although amounts up to 5/10/12/25/35% may also be used. Itis not necessary to always use a refined isocyanate material if the soleobjective is to eliminate odour of NOP polyols. A crude isocyanatestream but which is sufficiently reactive with the odour containingcomponent will suffice to remove or reduce the odour causing components.The odour may be removed in one isocyanate modified polyol forming stepand the formation of the isocyanate modified polyol required for foamingmay take place using an alternative isocyanate at a later stage.

Foam odour is very important especially when the foam is used inautomobiles where the foam part is in a confined, air locked environmentand subject to heating for example via solar gain. It is also importantwhen the finished foam is used in bedding, for pillows and mattresses,where a person's face comes into prolonged contact with the material.Every attempt is therefore made to reduce odour from foams and urethaneproducts in general, for these reasons. The elimination or reduction ofthe odour of foam containing natural oil-based polyol materials as seenin this invention is unexpected and novel, and is not anticipated in theprior art.

It is also possible to remove or reduce the odour of polyols by usingthe invention as part of the crude oil based polyol process or the NOPproduction process. The NOP manufacturing process may involve sprayingthe stream, perhaps after heating, into a chamber or vessel which isunder some degree of vacuum. The intention is to flash off some of thelighter components to further purify the NOP of excess solventsincluding products formed during the reaction, or those added to thereaction as part of the NOP production process. Some of these materialsremoved will be high volatile materials which may contribute to theodour of the finished NOP. Ricinoleic acid, and/or one of its metalsalts, preferably Zn, Sn, Na or Ca may be thus injected into this samevacuum space or added as a dispersed component of the liquid NOP inputstream. Odour-reducing/eliminating additives, particularly ricinoleicacid or its salts may be incorporated at any suitable stage and in anysuitable manner in the production of isocyanate modified polyol (orindeed any other polyol) or PU foam made therewith in accordance withthe invention. Ricinoleic acid has been found to be a particularlyeffective deodorant. Where the additive is also a PU gelation catalyst,such as a ricinoleate salt, the additive may be used as the (or one) PUgelation catalyst for the isocyanate modified polyol or foam-formingmethod or, alternatively it may be used only as anodour-reducing/eliminating additive.

Also, alternatively, a diisocyanate, preferably TDI in combination withthe ricinoleate acid or its metal salt may be introduced to make a makean airborne isocyanate modified polyol and remove or lessen the odour ofthe exiting NOP. The TDI may also be a reactant in the isocyanatemodified polyol or foam-forming method or, alternatively it may be usedonly as an odour-reducing/eliminating additive. This technique of odourreduction during the actual polyol manufacture applies also to theproduction process of crude oil based polyols.

As mentioned, the deodourising effect of the invention may findapplication in polyols other than lipid-based polyols, and thecombination of ricinoleic acid and/or ricinoleate salts with TDI may beparticularly effective for such other polyols. Ricinoleic acid can beparticularly effective for deodourisation. Ricinoleic acid where used(for lipid-based or other polyols) may be within the range 0.0001 php to1.0 php, preferably 0.001 php to 0.75 php preferably 0.1 php to 0.5 phpby weight, although amounts above and below these limits may also beuseful. Ricinoleic acid may be incorporated solely for deodourisation,not for catalysis, whereby it may be accompanied by one or more PUgelation catalysts outside the above range for the acid

The level at which these materials are used to reduce the odour from theNOP production process will depend on the type and degree to which thevarious odour forming materials are present. Sufficient can be added tohave a sufficient effect, however use levels from 1% of the total crudeoil based stream or natural oil polyol stream down to a level of 5 ppmmay be used. But use levels outside this range may be necessary. Some ofthe odour forming materials have extremely low olfactory detectionlimits (smell thresholds). For example some of the aldehydes which maybe present eg nonanal, can be detected by about 90% of humans at about 2ppb (parts per billion) so, only very low level of the ricinoleatecompound(s) will be needed to be added or sprayed into the productionenvironment to eliminate the odour. TDI or other diisocyanate may alsobe introduced into the production stream at the same time as thericinoleate material in order to boost the action of the ricinoleatesalt in its deodourising and also thereby make an NOP based isocyanatemodified polyol with its inherent benefits discussed herein.

See WO 2006/116456 Abraham et al, for a discussion on the levels ofvarious odorous materials found after the production of NOPs.

Average functionality of the NOP and other polyols present may vary fromless than 1.5 to 2 and from 2 to 6 especially 2 to 4 or especially 4 to7 or more, dependant on the end use to be attained. NOPs have multiplehydroxyl reaction sites and the oligomers are capable of becoming“associated” or form dimers and trimers, and so a given NOP may betherefore useable in both rigid and flexible formulations.

The Viscosity is mainly determined by the proportion of isocyanate used,relative to the theoretical amount of isocyanate by weight required toreact with all available hydroxyl groups of the polyol, and also by theoriginal viscosity and type of the polyol or polyols mixture used toform the isocyanate modified polyol and the type and level of catalysisused to drive the isocyanate hydroxyl group reaction.

Overall, as mentioned, the proportion may be 0.01 (but especially 0.1%)to 99%. The low viscosity isocyanate modified polyol may correspond to0.01% (or 0.1%) to 30% or alternatively 0.01% (or 0.1%) to 23% or 25% or33% of the required isocyanate particularly 0.01 (or 0.1%) to 12%, e.g.3% to 12% whereas the high viscosity isocyanate modified polyol maycorrespond to 30% to 99%, particularly 30% to 50%.

Any suitable PU gelation catalysts may be used for the isocyanateaddition reaction of the isocyanate modified polyol method, inparticular for its initiation and/or promotion. Strong PU gelationcatalysts are preferred. Suitable gelation catalysts include tincompounds, such as stannous dioctoate, dibutyltin dilaurate or tertiaryamines such as 1,4-diaza(2,2,2)bicyclooctane, or other substances whichare used in the art, such as Zinc Octoate, etc. Where necessary, two ormore different catalysts may also be used simultaneously. Othercatalysts which are useful are Bismuth based catalysts (eg from ShepherdChemical Company of Ohio, USA) or Kosmos EF and Kosmos 54 and similarmaterials (from Evonik of Essen, Germany) based on ricinoleate and alsomaterials as described in PCT/EP2008/002282 and in U.S. Pat. No.6,194,475 B1 (Boinowitz et al.). Preferably, no heating or appliedpressure is used to initiate the reaction nor to promote the reaction,as this is safer and cheaper. Also the use of heat will tend to promotethe isocyanate-hydroxyl reactions in all of the lipids present and leadto an indiscriminately highly cross linked polymer with much higherviscosity than would be the case when PU gelation, particularlymetallic, catalysts are used. Heat is an indiscriminate catalystespecially undesirable in a promoting reactions in a system, such asthis one, with a wide variety of different polymer chain lengths, andactivities, present. Using heat as a catalyst also leads to theantioxidant, added to the NOP and crude oil polyols after manufacture toprevent scorch and auto ignition of the finished PU foam, being partlyconsumed. So the use of heat as a catalysis requires replacement of theantioxidant consumed, which is not the case in the preferred embodimentof this invention when PU gelation catalysis, at normal temperatures, isused.

Any added PU gelation catalyst would typically be used in smallquantities, e.g. of the order of 0.004% by weight for a tin salt such asdibutyl tin dilaurate, stannous octoate or higher homologues, althoughas mentioned other catalysts can also be used.

Other ingredients and additives include, in particular, auxiliary agentssuch as chain extending agents, cross-linking agents and chainterminators.

With regard to the multifunctional isocyanate this is preferably adiisocyanate, more preferably an aromatic diisocyanate, particularly TDI(toluene diisocyanate). However other multifunctional isocyanates,preferably having a functionality of 2 to 5 may be used alone or in anysuitable combination. The same isocyanate may be used both in theproduction of the isocyanate modified polyol and in the subsequentproduction of the foam, or different isocyanates may be used.

Thus the multifunctional isocyanate may be any one or more of:

TDI (all isomer blends of toluene diisocyanate),

MDI (methylene diphenyl isocyanate),

Which may be pure or polymeric versions (so called aromaticisocyanates).

More particularly, the multifunctional isocyanate is a polyisocyanatecontaining two or more isocyanate groups and standard commercial di-and/or triisocyanates are typically used. Examples of suitable ones arealiphatic, cycloaliphatic, arylaliphatic and/or aromatic isocyanates,such as the commercially available mixtures of 2,4- and 2,6-isomers ofdiisocyanatotoluene (=tolylenediisocyanate TDI), which are marketedunder the trade names Caradate® T80 (Shell) or Voranate® T80 and T65(Dow Chemicals). 4,4′-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane(=4,4′-methylenebis(phenylisocyanate); MDI) and mixtures of TDI and MDIcan also be used. It is also possible, however to use isocyanatemodified polyols based on TDI or MDI and polyols. Modified or mixedisocyanates (for example Desmodur® MT58 from Bayer) may also be used.Examples of aliphatic isocyanates are 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanates ortriisocyanates such as Desmodur® N100 or N3300 from Bayer.

The isocyanate is preferably present in an amount of up to 33% or 50%,preferably up to 30% (or otherwise as discussed above) of that requiredto react with the polyol hydroxyls and all other hydroxyls present inthe polyol mixture.

Isocyanate-reactive, monofunctional compounds, such as monohydricalcohols, primary and secondary amines, may be used as chainterminators.

Yet further auxiliary agents known in the art, such as non reactiveflame retardants, emolliants or pigments or fillers may also be added.

The isocyanate modified polyol may incorporate or, prior to foaming maybe mixed with other substances. For example, unreacted polyol of thesame or different kind may be added e.g. to dilute the isocyanatemodified polyol to give a lower viscosity or to modify reactivity of thesystem or the properties of the resulting foam.

The isocyanate modified polyol may be foamed in conventional mannerusing conventional devices, for example those which are described onpages 171-178 of the Plastics Manual, Volume 7, Polyurethanes,Becker/Braun, 2nd edition, published by Carl Hanser Verlag, and usingconventional foam formulations, such as those described, for example, onpages 187-193 of the Plastics Manual, Volume 7, Polyurethanes,Becker/Braun, 2^(nd) edition, published by Carl Hanser Verlag.

Typically, for foam production, the isocyanate modified polyol will bemixed with water and/or other volatile blowing agent, isocyanate, one ormore catalysts, and one or more other ingredients such as a foamstabiliser.

Foaming may be on a batch or continuous basis and the mixture may begassed with nitrogen or other inert gas known in the art.

In more detail, the foaming ingredients may comprise one or more of:

a) Isocyanates, such as aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, arylaliphatic and/oraromatic isocyanates. Examples are commercially available compounds of2,4- and 2,6-isomers of di-isocyanatotoluene (=tolylenediisocyanateTDI). Trade names are Caradate® T80 from Shell, Voranate® T80 and T65from Dow Chemical. It is also possible to use4,4′-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane (=4,4′-methylenebis(phenylisocyanate);MDI) and mixtures of MDI and TDI.

Furthermore isocyanate modified polyols, which are isocyanate terminatedand based on TDI or MDI and polyols may also be used. A furtherpossibility would be modified or mixed isocyanates (e.g. Desmodur® MT58from Bayer). Examples of aliphatic isocyanates are 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanates or triisocyanates, e.g. Desmodur® N100 or N3300 fromBayer.

The isocyanate(s) may be the same as or different from the isocyanate(s)package used to make the isocyanate modified polyol

b) Water, preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight to one hundred parts ofpolyol or isocyanate modified polyol or polyol/isocyanate modifiedpolyol mixture by weight. Although levels outside these limits may beused for example at over 10 parts by weight in the manufacture of rigidfoams manufactured and dispensed via a spray gun

c) Liquid pentane also acetone and other materials known in the art canalso be used as additional blowing agents

d) Other additives may also optionally be used, particularly those wellknown in the PU foaming art, such as catalysts, in particular an amine,such as DMEA (dimethyl ethanolamine), DABCO® 33 LV (a tertiary aminefrom Air Products), and/or a metallo-organic compounds such as a tincatalyst e.g. Kosmos 29 (dibutyl tin laurate), Kosmos 19 (stannousoctoate) both from Evonik Goldschmidt of Essen Germany, bismuth basedcatalysts or other catalysts such as zinc octoate; foam stabilizersknown in the art, for example silicone surfactant such as from theTegostab® range from Evonik Goldschmidt or the Silbyk® range fromBYK-Chemie; chain extending agents and/or cross-linking agents, such asdiethanolamine, glycerine, sorbitol which are can be incorporated toeliminate splits and aid processing as is known in the art; as well asflame retardants; fillers. Using the same gelation catalyst at theisocyanate modified polyol formation stage and the foam formation stagewill further increase the stability, processing safety, physicalproperties and flammability properties of the final foam produced (eguse Kosmos EF to make the isocyanate modified polyol(s) and also as agelation catalyst in the foam forming reaction, in which case a degreeof odour reduction of the foam will be obtained if, for example, TDI hasbeen used as the isocyanate to make the foam). Those additives andothers known in the art in relation to conventional foaming processesmay be used in any combination.

e)Nitrogen for gassing and controlling the cell structure (size and sizedistribution).

f) Injecting liquid carbon dioxide and/or other gases is also a wellknown method of controlling density and cell size in foam manufacture.

For foaming, it is also possible, where necessary, to work under areduced or excess pressure; processing conditions for this aredisclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,453.

If a gas is needed in the production process it is preferably nitrogenor air or carbon dioxide that may be used.

In addition to the isocyanate modified polyol, mixtures of isocyanatemodified polyol with either polyether polyol and/or with polyesterpolyol or other polyols may also be used here.

In order to better illustrate the invention, it will be furtherexplained below with reference to examples.

EXAMPLES

Comparative Example 1 is a prior art isocyanate modified polyol made inaccordance with the process disclosed in PCT/EP 2005/005314, Example Psee pages 27 and 29 (Fritz Nauer) but using a different gelationcatalyst. Invention examples 2-10, although again using a differentcatalyst, are isocyanate modified polyols for use in the presentinvention, which have been made via a similar process to ComparativeExample 1. Example 11 represents a pure natural oil-based polyol. Allamounts are in parts by weight to 3 significant figures, and variousphysical properties are shown.

Ex 1 (Comparative) Ex 2 Ex 3 Ex 4 Ex 5 Ex 6 L 4070 99.0 49.0 49.4 (pbw)Green A 99.0 (pbw) Green B 99.0 50.1 (pbw) Green C 99.0 50.2 (pbw) M2201.00 1.01 1.02 1.00 1.08 1.06 (pbw) Kosmos 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.0030.003 EF (pbw) Hydroxyl 51 45 51 51 145 99 number Viscosity 1320 58002120 1320 2130 (m · Pa · s at 25 Deg C.) Smell None slight slight slightslight oily oily alcohol alcohol Percent of 8.3 9.5 8.5 8.3 3.2 9.0 OHgroups reacted

GreenA is a castor oil based polyol (Lupranol Balance 50) sold by BASFwith a natural oil content of approx. 31%. The remainder being thepropylene oxide and ethylene oxide which have been adducted onto thecastor oil starting material. It has an Hydroxyl number of 50.

GreenB is a soybean based polyol (BiOH 5000) made by Cargill Inc. It hasan Hydroxyl number of 56.

GreenC is a mesocarp palm oil based polyol (F6012) made by PolyGreenChemicals (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It has anHydroxyl number of 158.

GreenD is a Soy based polyol called Soyol D09004 Lot P090203 from UnitedSoy Systems Company of Volga, S. Dak. USA. Hydroxyl value was 71.

GreenE is a Soy based polyol called Soyol 2101 from United Soy SystemsCompany of Volga, S. Dak. USA hydroxyl value was 66.

GreenF is Enviropol R201 and is an NOP based on Rape seed oil from IFSchemical Group of Roydon, Kings Lynn, England, with an hydroxyl value of500

Lupranol 4070, is a trifunctional polyol with glycerol starter andpropylene oxide backbone with a propylene oxide tip is from BASF AG ofLudwigshafen, Germany. It has a molecular weight of 3000 and a hydroxylnumber of 56.

Pluracol 1388 (also labelled as Pluracol 4156, which is the DMC variantof 1388) is a trifunctional polyol from BASF Corporation, USA. It has amolecular weight of approx 3000 and a hydroxyl number of 56. It is a“hetero polyol” ie it has a random distribution of ethylene andpropylene oxide at the end tip of the molecular chains.

Voranol RA 800 is polyether polyol made by Dow Chemical Company and hasa hydroxyl value of 780 to 820 and finds use in rigid urethane foamformulations.

Voranol CP 450 is a rigid polyol from Dow Chemical Company with anhydroxyl value of 400

B1048 is a rigid foam silicone stabilizer from Evonik GmbH of Essen,Germany.

BF2370 is a silicone surfactant from Evonik GmbH of Essen Germany

BF8232 is a silicone surfactant from Evonik GmbH of Essen Germany

The Tegoamin PMDETA and Tegoamin DMCHA are both amine catalysts fromEvonik Goldschmidt of Essen, Germany

Blowing agent Solkane 365/227 is from the Solvay Fluor Company ofHannover, Germany

Voranate M220 is a polymeric MDI produced by Dow Chemical Company

Wannate PM220 is a polymeric MDI is from Yantai Wanhua, Yantai,Shangdong, P R China.

TCCP is Fyrol PCF from Supresta Inc of the USA

Dabco is DABCO® 33LV (a tertiary amine from Air Products)

A1 is Niax A1 and is an amine catalyst from Air Products

Sn Oct 33% is Kosmos 19 from Evonik GmbH of Essen Germany and is asolution of 33% Stannous Octoate in a carrier solvent.

DEOA 90% is a solution of 90 parts of Diethanolamine in 10 parts ofwater

Kosmos EF is a catalyst comprising Tin Ricinoleate and produced byEvonik AG of Essen Germany

Kosmos 54 is a catalyst comprising Zinc Ricinoleate and produced byEvonik AG of Essen Germany

Dibutyltindilaurate (DBTL) is available from the Sigma-Aldrich Company,Dorset, UK

Ricinoleic Acid was from Sigma-Aldrich Company, Dorset, UK.

Parts by Ex 1 Ex weight pbw Comparative Ex 7 Ex 8 Ex 9 Ex 10 11 Ex 12Ex13 Ex 14 L 4070 99.0 99.0 97.0 GreenB 99.0 99.0 100 99.0 99.0 99 M2201.00 1.00 Kosmos EF 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 Kosmos 54 0.003 DBTL0.003 Sn Oct33% 0.03 TDI 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 Smell BMW test VDA 270Panellist 1 2 1 1 to 2 3 2 3 1 to 2 3 3 Panellist 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 3Panellist 3 2 1 1 3 1 2 to 3 1 2 to 3 3 Panellist 4 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3Panellist 5 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3

The BMW smell test is conducted according to protocol VDA 270/DIN 10955.In summary this means that each odour panellist rates the smellaccording to the following scale: 1=No smell (Kein); 2=Slight smell,inoffensive (Nicht Stoerend); 3=Easily detectable but bearable(Stoerend); 4=Uncomfortable smell (Stark Stoerend); 5=Very disturbingsmell (Extrem); 6=Unbearable smell (Unertraeglich). As can be seen,Green B (shown in Example 11) has an odour of 3, or 2 to 3, as rated byall five panellists. When this natural oil-based polyol is made into theisocyanate modified polyol of Examples 7, 8,10 and 12 (i.e. a isocyanatemodified polyol comprising TDI) with the metal salts of ricinoleic acidas catalyst, the odour level is reduced. The use of an alternative metalcatalyst DBTL even in combination with TDI, in Example 13, does notreduce the odour of GreenB. Using stannous octoate (Example 14) has anidentical effect to using DBTL and similarly does not reduce odour. Theisocyanate modified polyol of Example 9 (which contains no TDI) is notreduced as compared to the odour of Green B alone. Further, theisocyanate modified polyol of comparative Example 1 has on average agreater odour than the inventive isocyanate modified polyols of Examples7, 8,10 and 12.

Identification and total removal, of odour forming species is verycomplex. A certain odour from one species may be masked by that ofanother in an Odour Panel test. So we have found that sometimes theodour of the NOP has been reduced by say a rating of 3, to 2, but theodour is reported as being totally changed from say an “acid” smell to a“sweet” one. In other words the isocyanate/catalyst pretreatment of theinvention may remove a certain percentage of an Odour forming species,dependant on the amount of isocyanate and catalyst used and cause odourrating to drop from 3 to 2 or perhaps 1. It also may remove a speciesentirely but leave or reveal another species as the odour causingmolecule or complex. In this fashion the rating may drop from 3 to 2 butwith the Odour Panel reporting a “Different” smell at level 2.

Parts by Weight pbw Ex 15 Ex 16 Ex 17 Ex 18 GreenD 100.0 100.0 GreenE100.0 100 Ricinoleic 0.1 0.1 Acid Smell BMW test VDA 270 Panellist 1 3 32 2 Panellist 4 3 3 2 2 Panellist 5 3 3 2 2 Panellist 6 3 3 2 2

Examples 14 to 17 show the effects of adding and mixing Ricinoleic Acidinto various Soy polyols, GreenD and GreenE at room temperature ofapproximately 18 degrees centigrade and leaving the mixture to stand for7 days.

The report from the Odour panel that the odour had lessened, shown bythe lower scores after contact with the Ricinoleic Acid, and, also thatthe odour had “Changed in Character”. The level of Ricinoleic acid maybe varied sufficiently to remove the odours from say 0.01 php to 0.5php. The upper limit and lower limits may vary dependant of the effectof that level of the acid at any level being present, on the processingcharacteristics of any subsequent Urethane reaction. No adverse flexiblefoam processing effects have been found with Ricinoleic acid levels ofapprox 0.5 php. The temperature and pressure or vacuum of theenvironment in which the Ricinoleate is contacted with the NOP before orduring or after the NOP production process will have an effect on thespeed and extent of the odour reduction attained.

Comparative Example A is a standard foam and comparative Examples B-D(shown below) are prior art foams made in accordance with the processdescribed in Example P (see pages 27 & 29) of PCT/EP2005/005314 (FritzNauer) although using different catalysis. Examples E-Y and ZB-ZR (alsoshown below) are foams made to illustrate the method of the presentinvention. All amounts are in parts per hundred of total polyol (php)and various physical properties are also shown. Points of note withregard to various Inventive Examples are herein after highlighted:

Examples E and G contain Green B without containing any of theisocyanate modified polyols of Examples 1-6. They give less favourablestability (foam E collapses) or have foam with internal splits and G isvery soft. Examples F, M, N and O, however, all contain at least oneisocyanate modified polyol of Examples 1-6 and give good processing: allof these latter foams are harder than Example G and have bettercompression sets even at higher NOP inclusion levels than G. Foams F andG contain similar natural oil-based polyol (NOP) levels, but Foam Fwhich contains the modified polyol of the invention is harder than FoamG. A comparison of Example H with I shows a similar improvement inprocessing by the combination of Green A with a isocyanate modifiedpolyol in the formulation in formulation I compared to H. Comparisonbetween H & J show the improvement in processing safety, and hardnesswhen the NOP material is modified with the isocyanate beforeincorporation into the foam formulation.

Foam L can be compared to N. Foam L has less stability then N. Bothcontain identical levels of GreenB, but all the polyols present in FoamN have been subject to the isocyanate addition of the invention. Foam Nhas a higher hardness than Foam L. Likewise K and E can also becompared. Both are based on GreenB, but whereas Foam E collapsed, Foam Kbased on the same percentage of GreenB which had undergone the inventionmade a viable, stable foam in spite of the fact that it was very uncuredand showed outward signs of inadequate cure under formulation regimechosen to investigate the NOPs in the invention. All foams in Examples Ato ZF were made at approximately 3.35 php water and the TDI amount washeld constant at approximately 47.5 php. This level of TDI represents avery high index of about 118, and as such was used to “stress” theprocessing of the example foams of the invention. In Examples ZJ and ZK,the TDI index was reduced to a less extreme level of 105.

Foams O and R have similar NOP levels and the NOP and diluent polyolshave been subject to the invention. Foam R contains a high level of anon-reactive flame retardant compared to Foam O, it therefore has alower hardness than 0, as would be expected, but a surprisingly goodCompression Set result. Normally the addition of flame retardant tourethane formulations leads to a worsening of Compression Set values.

Example Q is the same as Example G but with a non-reactive flameretardant present. The foam has internal splits and is once again soft.The addition of isocyanate modified polyol as seen in Example Reliminates the splits, the foam is harder with improved elasticity anddurability. Normally higher hardness is associated with a lowering ofelasticity. The compression sets of Example R are still excellentespecially compared to Example P which has a lower NOP level.Flammability is improved in all foam samples containing isocyanatemodified polyol. All foam samples containing isocyanate modified GreenBcompared to those incorporating unmodified GreenB, exhibited reducedodour in an ad hoc test. The odour of the NOP containing foams subjectedto the invention have been subtantially removed or reduced, but ofcourse the normal “foam smell” of amine and unreacted carrier solventswhich can be associated with some silicones and the degradation productsof the stannous octoate used as the PU gelation catalyst, still remainwhilst the foam is still relatively freshly made.

Examples S and H contain Green A without any of the pre-polymers ofExamples 1-6. Foam S has a flame retardant added to the formulationcompared to H. The compression sets are better in the formulation withthe flame retardant present. Examples S & T are similar but in T Green Ais present as a isocyanate modified polyol and makes the foamsignificantly harder than S, the presence of Green A as a isocyanatemodified polyol improves the processing. In S & T a non-reactive flameretardant is added compared to H. T which contains the isocyanatemodified polyol is harder than S. Example U contains Green C without anyisocyanate modified polyol. Example V shows the addition of isocyanatemodified polyol at the same NOP content of 20php without loss ofphysical properties whilst at the same time hardness is increased.Example W compared to X have similar differences in various physicalproperties including hardness through X containing the isocyanatemodified polyol in comparison to W. Within experimental error, thecompression sets of W and X are identical. Example Y shows the effect onpartial substitution of isocyanate modified polyol in the formulationfor standard polyol, on the foam hardness. In Example Y, the foamhardness lies between those of Examples W & X.

Examples ZB and ZC show the increase in foam hardness when the modifiedNOP is diluted with the isocyanate modified polyol of Example 1 comparedto dilution with a conventional crude oil based polyol.

Example ZF shows a foam with an extremely high level, 65php, of naturaloil base polyols (made up of Castor Oil based and Soybean Oil polyols,both of which have undergone isocyanate modification of the invention)which processes safely into a stable foam. Example ZK shows the foam inExample ZJ but made with the addition of trace amounts Diethanolaminewhich is able to act as a weak processing aid and is commonly used toeliminate small instabilities and surface splits in flexible foamformulations. The processing of ZK is improved and the hardness isincreased compared to ZJ.

Ex A Ex B Ex C Ex D L 4070 100.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Green A 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 Green B 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Green C 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Comparative 0.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 Example 1 Example 2 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 Example 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TCCP 0.00 0.00 10.1010.25 BF2370 0.80 0.81 0.00 0.00 B8232 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.80 Dabco 0.200.21 0.21 0.22 A1 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.11 SnOct 33% 0.38 0.34 0.40 0.40 DEOA90% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 water add 3.36 3.34 3.36 3.34 water tot 3.413.34 3.36 3.39 TDI 47.43 47.31 47.42 47.63 index 113.73 117.46 117.12114.81 cream 10.00 11.00 11.00 10.00 rise blow off 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07OK good good weak processing good good good good Density 26.75 27.9532.00 30.10 CLD 40% 3.49 4.54 4.42 3.29 Ball Rebound 35.00 32.00 36.0036.00 CLD after HA 2.51 2.99 HALL % 28.37 31.72 31.67 30.09afterflame >20 >20 time Comp Set 4.30 6.50 2.80 2.50 75% Hysteresis31.50 34.00 32.80 31.60 Loss SAG 2.21 2.40 2.40 2.43 burn lengthentirely entirely 20.00 entirely 40.00 50.00 70.00 110.00 Php Green NilNil Nil Nil component (approx) Ex E Ex F Ex G Ex H Ex I Ex J Ex K L 40700.00 0.00 80.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Green A 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 79.670.00 0.00 Green B 100.00 20.03 19.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Green C 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comparative 0.00 79.97 0.00 0.00 20.330.00 0.00 Example 1 Example 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00Example 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Example 4 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TCCP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 BF2370 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.78 B8232 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 Dabco 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.21 A1 0.10 0.090.11 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 SnOct 33% 0.35 0.40 0.34 0.42 0.41 0.35 0.45DEOA 90% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 water add 3.36 3.36 3.373.34 3.33 3.34 3.27 water tot 3.41 3.37 3.42 3.42 3.39 3.34 3.27 TDI47.47 47.07 47.70 47.67 47.42 47.41 46.99 index 113.95 115.45 114.24116.54 116.67 120.42 118.60 cream 11.00 12.00 12.00 11.00 12.00 11.0030.00 rise blow off 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.10 Slow weak weakweak good good lack of curing processing Collapse good splits good goodgood lack of crosslink Density 27.40 27.00 26.95 27.45 29.35 30.2 CLD40% 4.09 3.22 3.72 3.89 4.92 Ball 30.00 30.00 40.00 33.00 39.00 ReboundCLD after 3.24 2.53 2.85 2.87 3.55 HA HALL % 28.12 25.78 23.39 27.5127.03 afterflame time Comp Set 23.50 28.80 5.00 5.20 6.80 75% Hysteresis38.10 37.20 33.40 33.10 35.00 SAG 2.59 3.00 2.28 2.47 burn length PhpGreen 100 20 20 30 25 30 100 component (approx) Ex L Ex M Ex N Ex O Ex PEx Q Ex R L 4070 49.83 72.10 0.00 49.93 0.00 80.03 49.72 Green A 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Green B 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.89 19.970.00 Green C 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comparative 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 80.11 0.00 0.00 Example 1 Example 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 Example 3 50.17 27.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example 4 0.000.00 100.00 50.07 0.00 0.00 50.28 Example 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 Example 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TCCP 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 9.91 10.09 10.08 BF2370 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00BF8232 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81 0.80 0.79 Dabco 33LV 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.200.20 0.22 0.21 A1 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.11 SnOct 33% 0.45 0.450.45 0.44 0.44 0.40 0.42 DEOA 90% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00water add 3.35 3.36 3.34 3.37 3.34 3.33 3.36 water tot 3.38 3.40 3.343.39 3.35 3.38 3.38 TDI 47.58 47.43 47.42 47.56 47.77 47.60 47.68 index116.01 114.60 117.59 115.52 117.80 114.93 116.10 cream 15.00 11.00 13.0012.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 rise blow off 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.07settles good settles good good weak good processing splits (small)(small) good good splits good splits splits Density 27.30 27.00 27.9027.35 30.45 29.60 30.00 CLD 40% 4.20 3.88 4.59 4.17 4.01 3.16 3.56 Ball45.13 33.00 45.43 27.00 35.00 31.00 34.00 Rebound CLD after 3.22 3.13 HAHALL % 23.33 27.06 26.62 27.43 31.15 29.49 afterflame 12.00 >20 1.00time Comp Set 65.3 15.10 25.20 27.40 27.40 5.20 75% Hysteresis 39.1039.00 37.10 34.50 36.50 SAG 2.77 2.71 2.60 2.56 2.66 elongation 120 burnlength 125.00 entirely 60.00 60.00 110.00 entirely 30.00 75.00 65.0040.00 entirely 80.00 Php Green 50 30 50 25 20 20 25 component (approx)Ex S Ex T Ex U Ex V Ex W Ex X Ex Y L 4070 0.00 0.00 80.02 0.00 69.930.00 35.02 Green A 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Green B 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Green C 0.00 0.00 19.98 20.22 30.07 29.8630.07 Comparative 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.78 0.00 70.14 34.91 Example 1Example 2 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example 3 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 TCCP 11.15 9.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 BF2370 0.00 0.00 0.803.34 0.79 0.80 0.80 B8232 0.80 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dabco 0.200.20 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.20 A1 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11SnOct 33% 0.45 0.38 0.43 0.43 0.37 0.37 0.36 DEOA 90% 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 water add 3.35 3.34 3.34 3.34 3.34 3.32 3.35 watertot 3.43 3.34 3.44 3.39 3.46 3.40 3.45 TDI 47.70 47.52 48.55 48.06 49.7149.64 50.04 index 116.41 120.83 108.11 109.33 106.69 109.03 108.13 cream11.00 11.00 12.00 11.00 17.00 15.00 15.00 rise blow off 0.07 0.07 0.070.06 0.08 0.08 0.08 good OK good good good good good processing splitsgood good good good good Density 29.20 30.45 27.35 27.70 27.80 27.8527.60 CLD 40% 3.30 3.92 4.24 4.85 4.56 5.05 4.76 Ball 40.00 35.00 30.0028.00 30.00 28.00 27.00 Rebound CLD after HA HALL % 28.48 28.83 31.3729.07 32.02 29.90 31.51 afterflame 0.00 0.00 time Comp Set 3.50 5.006.90 8.40 11.30 11.70 13.30 75% Hysteresis 31.60 32.70 38.40 39.90 42.1043.10 42.30 SAG 2.34 2.43 2.43 2.50 2.58 2.73 2.68 burn length 70.0050.00 75.00 85.00 65.00 entirely 70.00 entirely Php Green 30 30 20 20 3030 30 component (approx) Ex ZB Ex ZC Ex ZF L 4070 49.79 0.00 0.00 GreenA 0.00 0.00 0.00 Green B 0.00 0.00 0.00 Green C 0.00 0.00 0.00Comparative 0.00 49.97 0.00 Example 1 Example 2 0.00 0.00 49.44 Example3 50.21 50.03 50.56 Example 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 Example 5 0.00 0.00 0.00Example 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 TCCP 0.00 0.00 0.00 BF2370 0.79 0.79 0.82 B82320.00 0.00 0.00 Dabco 0.19 0.21 0.20 A1 0.10 0.11 0.11 SnOct 33% 0.430.40 0.39 DEOA 90% 0.20 0.21 0.19 water add 3.32 3.34 3.33 water tot3.36 3.36 3.35 TDI 46.97 47.60 47.69 index 114.01 116.69 118.48 cream12.00 12.00 11.00 rise 0.08 blow off 0.08 0.08 good good none processinggood (tight) good (tight) splits Density 27.80 28.80 28.45 CLD 40% 4.345.07 4.88 Ball 25.00 26.00 27.00 Rebound CLD after HA HALL % 28.00 25.2527.87 afterflame time Comp Set 58.00 69.20 64.50 75% Hysteresis 45.0047.80 46.20 SAG 2.99 3.10 3.00 burn length Php Green 25 25 65 component(approx) Ex ZJ Ex ZK L 4070 0.00 0.00 Green A 0.00 0.00 Green B 0.000.00 Green C 0.00 0.00 Comparative Example 1 Example 2 49.4 49.6 Example3 50.6 50.4 Example 4 0.00 0.00 Example 5 0.00 0.00 Example 6 0.00 0.00TCCP 0.00 0.00 BF2370 0.82 0.82 BF8232 0.00 0.00 Dabco 33LV 0.20 0.20 A10.11 0.11 SnOct 33% 0.39 0.39 DEOA 90% 0.00 0.19 water add 3.33 3.33water tot 3.35 3.35 TDI 45.5 46.2 index 105 105 cream rise blow off goodgood processing (small) good splits Density 26.6 29.9 CLD 40% 2.23 4.4Ball Rebound 23 25 CLD after HA HALL % 23.3 23 afterflame time Comp Set63 64.7 75% Hysteresis 45 47 SAG 3.0 2.85 burn length Php Green 65 65component (approx) ZM ZN ZP ZQ ZR P1388 (4156) 49 L 4070 49 Modified SoyGreenB 51 51 51 51 P1388 Isocyanate 49 modified polyol L 4070 Isocyanate49 modified polyol (P1388/Soy GreenB) 100 Isocyanate modified polyolDabco 33lv 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Amine A1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sn Oct 33%0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Silicone BF2370 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Water Tot 4 4 44 4 TDI php 51.9 51.9 52.2 52.2 52.2 Density 22.6 21.5 22.4 21.5 22.5Hardness 40% CLD kPa 2.87 2.92 4.0 2.95 3.7 Hardness after Humid 2.12.42 3.12 2.39 2.78 age HALL Hardness loss % 26.8 17.1 22 18.9 24.8Hysteresis 44 46.5 48.8 47.1 44 Tensile kPa 80 86 87 91 103 Elongation %162 171 126 160 182 Comp Set 75% 16.5 11.6 14.3 15 8.5 Php Greencomponent 51 51 51 51 51 (approx) Processing Excellent ExcellentExcellent Excellent Excellent P1388 (BASF) 3000 mol wt hetero polyol L4070 (Europe) 3000 mol wt all PO polyol MODIFIED SOY POLYOL Soy polyolGreenB reacted with 1php TDI in the presence of 0.004 php Kosmos EFP1388 Isocyanate P1388 reacted with 1 php TDI and 0.004 php Kosmos EFmodified polyol L 4070 Isocyanate L 4070 reacted with 1 php TDI and0.004 php Kosmos EF modified polyol (P1388/Soy polyol 51/49 mix of soypolyol Green B and P1388, reacted with GreenB)COMPOUND 1 php TDI and0.004 php Kosmos EF

In the foam Examples ZM to ZR, in contrast to Examples A to ZK, thewater level was increased from approximately 3.35 php to 4.0 php andthis time the TDI level was allowed to vary, but the TDI index itselfwas held constant at approximately 105. The NOP isocyanate modifiedpolyol is based on soy oil based material and is diluted with variouscrude oil based polyols and also various isocyanate modified polyolsbased on different crude oil based polyols and then foamed according tothe formulations shown. In contrast to Examples A to ZK, in ZM to ZR andalso in the Further Data shown below, the isocyanate TDI has been usedinstead of polymeric MDI to make the various isocyanate modified polyolsshown. Foam Example ZR is made from an isocyanate modified polyol madefrom a 51/49 mixture of the NOP and a crude oil based polyol. The bestresults are obtained if all, or as much as possible, of the NOP(s) andthe other, diluent polyol (s) present are isocyanate modified togetherprior to being made into a foam such as example ZR. In this formulationthe soy and crude oil based polyol has been enhanced and the combinationof it with the standard polyether polyol have been compatabalized to themaximum extent. All the polyols present in ZR have been isocyanatemodified together. The physical properties of ZR are superior toexamples ZN to ZQ. ZR also gives excellent compression sets and superiormechanical properties to all other foams in the ZM to ZR series. Theprocessing characteristics of all foams were rated as excellent.Comparing ZM with ZN and then ZP with ZQ, it can be observed that theincorporation of a crude oil based polyol which contains some ethyleneoxide, Pluracol 1388, whether as a diluent or as a copolyol to the NOPin the isocyanate modification process, additionally appears to givebenefits in hardness and other properties compared to the all propyleneoxide containing, for example, L 4070 polyol types.

Various isocyanate indexes known in the formulating art can obviously beused, eg indexes may vary from 75 to 140, and water level from 0.5 to 6and up to 10 php or more.

In the Examples to show the invention:

“Water add” means total water added to the foam formulation

“Water tot” means total water present from all sources in theformulation

TDI is TDI80/20, an isomer blend of toluene diisocyanate

“Index” means the amount in percentage terms of the isocyanate addedover and above the stoichiometric amount required by the reactantspresent.

“Cream” time is the time after initial mixing takes place for thereactants to form a creamy mix just prior to rapid expansion of the foammass (in minutes and seconds)

“Rise” time is the total time elapsing between initial mixing of theingredients and the end of the rise of the foam (in minutes and seconds)

“Blow off” reflects whether the foam released small bubbles as therising phase of the foaming came to an end. When bubbles are releasedthis is usually the sign of a good and stable foam. There are no units.

Processing describes whether the foam hesitated during the rising phase,did it falter, did it settle back after the rising phase was completed.

Density is measured in Kg/M3

SAG Factor (Support Factor) is a number calculated as the ratio of the65% Compression force deflection, CLD, value to the 25% Compressionforce deflection, CLD, value (high numbers are good). SAG factorscalculated by using Indentation Load Deflection numbers, as are commonlyused in the United States for example, will have higher SAG Factornumbers compared the same measurements on the same foams using the CLDtest method. (For example an IFD Sag Factor may be 2.3 and the SAGFactor from CLD measurements may be lower at say 2.1)

Ball Rebound is a measure of foam elasticity. A small steel ball isdropped onto the foam and its recovery height is expressed as a percentof initial vertical travel.

“HALL” is Humid Age Load Loss. The foam is put into a humid oven and itshardness is retested and compared to its original hardness as apercentage.

“Comp Set”—The foam is compressed to 75% of its original height underconditions of heat (not extreme humidity) and the final height of thefoam after this test is compared with its original height.

Burn length—this is part of the vertical burn test of Cal TB117 andshows how far the flame progresses up the vertical sample in this wellknow flammability test.

CLD 40% is Compression load deflection and is a recognised foam hardnesstest method. The foam is compressed to 40% of its original height andthe force required to do that is measured (in kPa).

CLD after HA is Compression Load Deflection after the Humid ageing test(Hall test).

Compressive strength (Vertical) is the Hardness of the rigid foam testedin the direction parallel to the direction of rise using test methodBS4370, in kPa

After flame time is the time elapsed between when the flame is removedfrom the sample and the sample continuing to burn with a flame (inseconds).

Hysteresis is a measure of the energy absorbed by the foam as it iscompressed and then releases. A narrow hysteresis curve, a smallernumber in the test, shows an elastic foam, and a thick curve shows amore viscoelastic foam with inferior elasticity.

Elongation is elongation at break. A sample of the foam is stretched andeventually breaks. Elongation at break is measured as the percentage thesample was stretched prior to failure expressed as a percentage of itsoriginal length.

Tensile Strength is the force necessary to break the foam under tension,kPa.

Further Data:

pbw php php php php php php php php php Isocyanate modification of theNOPs GreenE 99 99 97.5 75 GreenC 99 99 96.5 97.5 75 P1388 25 25 DBTL0.002 0.002 Sn Oct 0.03 0.03 33% Kosmos EF 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 TDI80/20 2.7 0.4 1 1 2.6 3.6 2.4 1 1 % age of 11 4 11 4 28 15 10 9 9 totalOH groups being reacted Foams using Isocyante modified NOPs from aboveIso 0 50 50 0 50 0 0 100 0 Modified NOP from above P1388 50 50 50 50 5050 50 0 0 Dabco 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 33LV AmineA1 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Sn Oct 0.70 0.70 0.700.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 33% Silicone 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.800.80 0.80 0.80 B2370 Iso 50 50 50 50 100 Modified GreenC from aboveWater 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 TDI (Index) 105 105105 105 105 105 105 105 90 TDI php 58.7 51.2 51.2 58.7 50.1 58.7 58.750.9 56.5 Density 21.8 22.7 22.8 22.3 22.1 22.3 22.6 21.7 24.4 Kg/m3Hardness 5.74 3.78 3.56 5.73 3.77 5.5 5.6 3.91 3.77 40% CLD kPa Hardness4.61 2.79 2.65 4.41 2.87 4.5 4.52 3.02 2.72 after Humid age HALL %Hardness 19.7 26.2 25.6 23 23.9 18.2 19.3 22.8 27.8 Loss % Hysteresis %19 25 25 19 24 21 20 25 20 Tensile kPa 93 90 88 94 88 105 92 70 79Elongation % 83 122 125 80 110 85 78 71 88 Processing ExcellentExcellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent ExcellentExcellent Comments Php Green 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 75 75 content Approx %

The above table shows the preparation of various isocyanate modifiedNOPs with between 4 and 28% of the available hydroxyl groups present inthe polyol component being reacted with isocyanate. Also, various metalcatalysts at various levels are shown being used to promote thehydroxyl-isocyanate interactions of the invention.

Varying the percentage of OH groups reacted at the isocyanate modifiedpolyol preparation stage will affect the processing and physicalproperties. In particular the final foam will be harder as the percentof hydroxyls reacted increases. Also, varying the level and type ofmetal catalyst can effect processing physical properties, andespecially, again, the foam hardness.

In the above Further Examples: Some of the range of the invention isdemonstrated.

Excellent foams are easily produced and the percentage of replacement ofthe conventional crude oil polyols by NOPs is demonstrated at 50 and 75%levels.

Further data for Rigid foams

php ZS ZT ZU ZW ZX ZY Isocyanate Modification Voranol CP450 0 0 70 70NOP GreenF 0 0 100 30 100 30 Catalyst DBTL 0 0 0.004 0.004 CatalystKosmos EF 0 0 0.004 0.004 Wannate pMDI 0 0 1 1 1 1 Foam Reaction IsoModified polyol ex 0 0 30 100 30 100 above Voranol CP 450 100 70 70 0 700 NOP GreenF 0 30 0 0 0 0 Water 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Silicone B10481.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Amine PMDETA 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Amine DMCHA1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Blowing Agent 365/227 12 12 12 12 12 12 WannatepMDI (Index) 110 110 110 110 110 110 Centre Cube (Core) 43.7/47.6443.2/48.5 42.8/46.4 43.1/46.4 41.8/44.4 42.3/45.9 Densities Kg/m3Vertical Compressive 214/253  222/254 212/232 224/250 195/226 208/236strengths BS 4370 (kPa) Average Vertical 226.5 232.5 224 239 233.5 229strength (kPa) at 45 Kg/m3

Pairs of Rigid foams samples were prepared using each of theformulations above. A statistical analysis of the pairs of data fromabove formulations shows that the foam with the highest Averagecompression strength value in the vertical axis, at the test coredensity of 45 Kgs/m3 is the one in ZW which is made using a mixture ofthe NOP and rigid polyol which has been reacted with the isocyanateusing DBTL as the PU gelation catalyst. This foam is 2.8% harder thatthe nearest other foam, ZT, made from the simple NOP and rigid polyolmixture. ZS contains no NOP and is the softest foam. The above rigidfoams ZU to ZY also demonstrate that choice of PU gelation catalyst forthe isocyanate modification process can affect the macro polymer createdand the properties of the urethane material obtained. Polymeric MDI wasused in the preparation of the isocyanate modified polyols and the foamsin the above Rigid Foam examples

Compatibility Tests

The photograph depicted in FIG. 1 shows the separation which occurswhen, on the right, 20 pbw of Green C is thoroughly mixed with 80 pbw ofVoranol RA 800 a standard rigid polyol, and allowed to stand for just 12hours at room temperature of approximately 18 degrees centigrade. Themixture shows almost complete separation of the two polyols in thisshort time period. The jar on the left shows an identical mixture of NOPand Voranol RA 800 which has been agitated and reacted with 1 php of TDIand 0.004 php of the Kosmos EF as described in the invention. There issubstantially no separation of the two incompatible polyols after thesame 12 hours period, showing how the invention increases thecompatibility of the NOP in the urethane system giving the benefitsclaimed by the invention. This characteristic will make it possible toprepare ship and store a pre-blended resin system, which contains NOP aspart of the polyol present, which find use in the worldwide rigid andflexible foam systems industry.

It is of course to be understood that the invention is not intended tobe restricted to the details of the above example formulations, whichare described by way of example only.

In addition to providing a method of making polyurethane foam theinvention provides new storage stable isocyanate modified polyols foruse in making such foams, as hereinbefore described.

1: A method of making polyurethane foam comprising a lipid-based polyol,the method including (a) making a prepolymer and then (b) makingpolyurethane foam using the prepolymer, the method comprising: (a) firstmaking a prepolymer by a method comprising the steps of: providing atleast one lipid-based polyol, a first amount of multifunctionalisocyanate, a first amount of at least one gelation catalyst, andoptionally a petrochemical polyol; and combining the lipid-based polyol,the first amount of isocyanate, the first amount of gelation catalyst,and also said petrochemical polyol when present, together to form apolyol/isocyanate blend; reacting the polyol/isocyanate blendsubstantially without the use of added heat; thereby creating aprepolymer, the prepolymer being substantially unfoamed, and havingavailable unreacted OH functional groups; and (b) making polyurethanefoam using the prepolymer, the method comprising: providing theprepolymer previously created in step (a); and combining the prepolymerwith a second amount of multifunctional isocyanate, with a foamingagent, optionally with a second amount of gelation catalyst, andoptionally with petrochemical polyol; and reacting the prepolymer, thesecond amount of isocyanate, the foaming agent, and said petrochemicalpolyol when present, in the presence of said second amount of gelationcatalyst when present, thereby creating a polyurethane foam; wherein thefirst amount of gelation catalyst is from 0.001 to 0.1 millimoles pereach 100 grams of a total polyol component of the polyol/isocyanateblend; wherein the first amount of multifunctional isocyanate is lessthan the stoichiometric amount of the multifunctional isocyanate(s) thatwould be required to react with all the available hydroxyl groups of thepolyol(s) in the polyol/isocyanate blend; and wherein thepolyol/isocyanate blend comprises sufficient lipid-based polyol so thatthe total lipid-based polyol content of the polyurethane foam is notless than 20% relative to the total polyol content of the foam byweight. 2: The method of claim 1, wherein the first amount ofmultifunctional isocyanate is in the range of from 0.01% to 33% of thestoichiometric amount of the multifunctional isocyanate(s) that would berequired to react with all the available hydroxyl groups of thepolyol(s) in the polyol/isocyanate blend. 3: The method of claim 1,wherein the first amount of multifunctional isocyanate is in the rangeof from 3% to 25% of the stoichiometric amount of the multifunctionalisocyanate(s) that would be required to react with all the availablehydroxyl groups of the polyol(s) in the polyol/isocyanate blend. 4: Themethod of claim 1, wherein the first amount of isocyanate comprises atleast one of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluenediisocyanate (TDI). 5: The method of making polyurethane foam of claim1, wherein the lipid-based polyol provided and combined in theprepolymer step (a), and which is present in the final polyurethanefoam, comprises soybean based polyol, palm oil based polyol, rapeseedoil based polyol, or a blend thereof. 6: The method of makingpolyurethane foam of claim 1, wherein the prepolymer created in step (a)has a viscosity at 25 degrees Celsius of not more than 3,000 mPa·s. 7:The method of claim 1, further comprising providing ricinoleic acid andadding the ricinoleic acid to the polyol/isocyanate blend. 8: The methodof claim 1, wherein the step of (a) making a prepolymer furthercomprises: providing a first amount of at least one petrochemical polyolin addition to said lipid-based polyol; combining the petrochemicalpolyol with the lipid-based polyol, the first amount of multifunctionalisocyanate, and the first amount of catalyst, to form thepolyol/isocyanate blend; and reacting the polyol/isocyanate blend tocreate a prepolymer; wherein the prepolymer comprises substantially allof the polyol that is in the resulting polyurethane foam. 9: The methodof making polyurethane foam of claim 1, wherein the combining portion ofstep (b) making a polyurethane foam comprises combining the prepolymerwith a second amount of multifunctional isocyanate, with a foamingagent, and also with a second amount of gelation catalyst; and whereinthe reacting portion of step (b) comprises reacting the prepolymer, theisocyanate, and the foaming agent in the presence of the second amountof gelation catalyst, thereby creating a polyurethane foam. 10: Themethod of making polyurethane foam of claim 1: wherein thepolyol/isocyanate blend comprises sufficient lipid-based polyol so thatthe total lipid-based polyol content of the polyurethane foam is from50% to 75% relative to the total polyol content of the foam by weight;and wherein the lipid-based polyol in the prepolymer and in thepolyurethane foam consists essentially of soybean based polyol, palm oilbased polyol, or a blend thereof. 11: The method of making polyurethanefoam of claim 1, wherein the polyol/isocyanate blend comprisessufficient lipid-based polyol so that the total lipid-based polyolcontent of the polyurethane foam is greater than 30% relative to thetotal polyol content of the foam by weight. 12: The method of makingpolyurethane foam of claim 1, wherein the polyol/isocyanate blendcomprises sufficient lipid-based polyol so that the total lipid-basedpolyol content of the polyurethane foam is greater than 50% relative tothe total polyol content of the foam by weight. 13: The method of makingpolyurethane foam of claim 1, wherein the polyol/isocyanate blendcomprises sufficient lipid-based polyol so that the total lipid-basedpolyol content of the polyurethane foam is greater than 75% relative tothe total polyol content of the foam by weight. 14: The method of makingpolyurethane foam of claim 1, wherein the polyol/isocyanate blendcomprises sufficient lipid-based polyol so that the total lipid-basedpolyol content of the polyurethane foam is greater than 90% relative tothe total polyol content of the foam by weight. 15: A method of makingpolyurethane foam comprising a lipid-based polyol, the method including(a) making a prepolymer and then (b) making polyurethane foam using theprepolymer, the method comprising: (a) first making a prepolymer by amethod comprising the steps of: providing at least one lipid-basedpolyol, a first amount of multifunctional isocyanate, at least onegelation catalyst, and optionally a petrochemical polyol; and combiningthe lipid-based polyol, the first amount of isocyanate, the first amountof gelation catalyst, and also said petrochemical polyol when present,together to form a polyol/isocyanate blend; reacting thepolyol/isocyanate blend substantially without the use of added heat;thereby creating a prepolymer, the prepolymer being substantiallyunfoamed, and having available unreacted OH functional groups; and (b)making polyurethane foam using the prepolymer, the method comprising:providing the prepolymer previously created in step (a); and combiningthe prepolymer with a second amount of multifunctional isocyanate, witha foaming agent, optionally with a second amount of gelation catalyst,and optionally with petrochemical polyol; and reacting the prepolymer,the second amount of isocyanate, the foaming agent, and saidpetrochemical polyol when present, in the presence of said second amountof gelation catalyst when present, thereby creating a polyurethane foam;wherein the first amount of gelation catalyst is from 0.001 to 0.1millimoles per each 100 grams of a total polyol component of thepolyol/isocyanate blend; and wherein the first amount of multifunctionalisocyanate is in the range of from 0.01% to 33% of the stoichiometricamount of the multifunctional isocyanate(s) that would be required toreact with all the available hydroxyl groups of the polyol(s) in thepolyol/isocyanate blend. 16: The method of making polyurethane foam ofclaim 15, wherein the polyol/isocyanate blend comprises sufficientlipid-based polyol so that the total lipid-based polyol content of thepolyurethane foam is at least 7% relative to the total polyol content ofthe foam by weight. 17: The method of making polyurethane foam of claim15, wherein the polyol/isocyanate blend comprises sufficient lipid-basedpolyol so that the total lipid-based polyol content of the polyurethanefoam is at least 16% relative to the total polyol content of the foam byweight. 18: The method of making polyurethane foam of claim 15, whereinthe combining portion of step (b) making a polyurethane foam comprisescombining the prepolymer with a second amount of multifunctionalisocyanate, with a foaming agent, and also with a second amount ofgelation catalyst; and wherein the reacting portion of step (b)comprises reacting the prepolymer, the isocyanate, and the foaming agentin the presence of the second amount of gelation catalyst, therebycreating a polyurethane foam. 19: The method of claim 15, wherein thestep of (a) making a prepolymer further comprises: providing at leastone petrochemical polyol in addition to said lipid-based polyol;combining the petrochemical polyol with the lipid-based polyol, thefirst amount of multifunctional isocyanate, and the first amount ofgelation catalyst, to form the polyol/isocyanate blend; and reacting thepolyol/isocyanate blend to create a prepolymer; wherein the prepolymercomprises substantially all of the polyol that is in the resultingpolyurethane foam. 20: A method of making polyurethane foam comprising alipid-based polyol, the method including (a) making a prepolymer andthen (b) making polyurethane foam using the prepolymer, the methodcomprising: (a) first making a prepolymer by a method comprising thesteps of: providing at least one lipid-based polyol, a first amount ofmultifunctional isocyanate, at least one gelation catalyst, andoptionally a petrochemical polyol; and combining the lipid-based polyol,the first amount of isocyanate, the gelation catalyst, and also saidpetrochemical polyol when present, together to form a polyol/isocyanateblend; reacting the polyol/isocyanate blend; thereby creating aprepolymer, the prepolymer being substantially unfoamed, and havingavailable unreacted OH functional groups; and (b) making polyurethanefoam using the prepolymer, the method comprising:providing theprepolymer previously created in step (a); and combining the prepolymerwith a second amount of multifunctional isocyanate, with a foamingagent, optionally with a second amount of gelation catalyst, andoptionally with petrochemical polyol; and reacting the prepolymer, thesecond amount of isocyanate, the foaming agent, and said petrochemicalpolyol when present, in the presence of said second amount of gelationcatalyst when present, thereby creating a polyurethane foam; wherein thefirst amount of multifunctional isocyanate is less than thestoichiometric amount of the multifunctional isocyanate(s) that would berequired to react with all the available hydroxyl groups of thepolyol(s) in the polyol/isocyanate blend; wherein the polyol/isocyanateblend comprises sufficient lipid-based polyol so that the totallipid-based polyol content of the polyurethane foam is not less than 20%relative to the total polyol content of the foam by weight.